PDF A Theory of Social Comparison Processes Leon Festinger Several researchers such as Marsh & Hau (2003) and Marsh & Parker (1984), have also supported Festinger's (1954) studies by stating that social comparison is used . recent test of social information processing theory showed little effect of anonymous social cues on choices of brief tasks (Kilduff Regan, 1988). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes, Retrieved September 12, 2007, from hum.sagepub.com database A Theory of Social Comparison Processes Leon Festinger∗ In this paper we shall present a further development of a previously published theory concerning opinion influence processes in social groups (7). Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. 1 People make all kinds of judgments about themselves, and one of the key ways that we do this is through social comparison, or analyzing the self in . Social identity is the part of the self that is defined by one's group memberships.Social identity theory, which was formulated by social psychologist Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, describes the conditions under which social identity becomes more important than one's identity as an individual. E.A. Throughout our lives, psychology is embedded into the way we interact, the way those around us act, and the way we act ourselves. STUDY 2. For example, having the best final score in a class can increase your self-esteem quite a bit. The second level, which is less universal documents that social comparison as grouping, allocates a specific type of judgment structure. Based on the SIT, various social phenomenon are explained as being examples of inter-group behavior. Description. persuasive-arguments theory and the normative processes described by social comparison theory have complementary effects on polarization, "with persuasive-arguments facilitating the shifts motivated by social comparison." On balance, it seems to us that this proposal should be rejected on two grounds. Another milestone in social comparison research came with the publication of Wills' article on downward social comparison theory. For one, social comparison can impact self-esteem (Tesser, 1988), especially when doing well relative to others. Social learning theory brings these two approaches together, claiming that learning takes place within a social context. Description | Research | Example | So What? Social exchange theory, according to Mulford et al. How do you know if you are shy, competitive, rich, anxious, or anything else? After we are categorized in a group and we've adopted the identity of the group, we tend to compare our group (in-group) to other groups (out-group). Social comparison theory assumes that people tend to . Upward social comparison . Effect (s) of . Leon Festinger was an American social psychologist who is known for two theories; cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. Pomery, . Cultivation theory is a communications and sociological framework which posits that long-term exposure to media shapes how the consumers of media perceive the world as well as conduct themselves in life. Disclaimer: This essay is not an example of the work done by the EssayPay© service. This results in the idea that new skills or information can be learned through observation alone, and that learning within a social environment helps us gain a more complete understanding of concepts. If you've ever read about the theory of cognitive dissonance, you might have heard Festinger's name before. We will write a custom essay on Social Comparison Theory specifically for you! For example, an individual in the U.S. with an annual . Two opposing theories are used to predict this effect. Explanations > Theories > Social Comparison Theory. Individuals evaluate their own opinions and define the self by comparing themselves to others. Social comparison theory is the idea that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others. A Theory of Social Comparison Processes, Retrieved September 12, 2007, from hum.sagepub.com database A Theory of Social Comparison Processes Leon Festinger∗ In this paper we shall present a further development of a previously published theory concerning opinion influence processes in social groups (7). To keep this level of coordination running smoothly, we often look to others as comparison standards for how to behave, think, and feel. Yet, comparison is inherently a dynamic, within-person process; comparisons occur at different times, on a range of dimensions, with consequences that can vary by context. Social Comparison Theory.Social comparison theory proposes that we use social comparisons to construct our self-concept, especially when we have no other objective standard available to us (Festinger, 1954). It can be as subtle as noticing where Waldo is in a sea of people in stripes; or, it can be as obvious as the change between ten pounds and one hundred pounds. According to social exchange theory, a person will weigh the cost of a social interaction (negative outcome) against the reward of that social interaction (positive outcome). While social comparison has been given only modest attention in the networks literature, it is a ubiquitous feature of social life as this volume shows, with wide-reaching implications for decision making and behavior . Introduced in 1954 by Leon Festinger, the theory explains how humans, in order to evaluate themselves, will compare themselves to others. Quiz & Worksheet Goals. Social Comparison Theory . The self-concept and self-esteem are also often strongly influenced by social comparison. Let's consider each of these theories in more detail. The concept of social comparison was first termed and fully developed by Festinger (1954), who hypothesized that we are unable to self-judge our opinions and abilities accurately and instead rely on comparing ourselves to other people to form an evaluation. In their classic study (Schacter & Singer, Supported by Hypothesis 5: Accuracy and likability motives. The theory also specifies the ways in which social identity can influence intergroup . This program is interesting because it is a great example of social comparison theory. They can also be intangible, like effort, social approval, love, pride, shame, respect, opportunity . Social psychology plays a role in helping individuals understand themselves as well as the feelings and behaviors of other individuals. social comparison theory was once dubbed "everybody's sec- ond-favorite theory in social psychology (but almost nobody's first)" (Arrowood, 1978, p. 491 ), the literature has never before had more vitality. We are impacted by others through comparing ourselves with them, especially with the social media we wish our lives to be more exciting and glamorous as those portrayed in the media. According to the social comparison theory, individuals learn about their abilities and attitudes by comparing themselves to the people around them and the opinions they have of them (Festinger, 1954). Humans have the unique ability to coordinate behavior, economic exchange, political action, and social relationships across immense distances and times. The overall picture is an emerging one in which pupils prefer to In social comparison theory, people are often comparing themselves to others. For example, having the best final score in a class can increase your self-esteem quite a bit. Cultivation theory (or cultivation analysis) was introduced in the 1960's by the Hungarian-born . Equity Theory deals with social relationships and fairness/unfairness, it is also known as The Social Comparisons Theory or Inequity Theory (Gogia, 2010). This theory, developed by well-known social psychologist Leon Festinger (back in 1954, even before Facebook! Social comparison theory states that in the absence of objective measures for self-evaluation, we compare ourselves to others to find out how we're doing. As a concept and phenomenon with strong interpersonal attributes, social comparison shouldn't be ignored its role in human interaction. ★ In ethnocentrism, one's own ethnic origins (in-group) are believed to be far superior in comparison to . Mostly, we seek to compare ourselves with someone against whom we believe we . But from the perspective of social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) people faced with important and ambiguous decisions, such as the choice of an organization to work for, are likely to make their . A video describing what Social Comparison Theory is and providing two examples of Social Comparison Theory. His work has changed the way we understand attitude formation and social thinking. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. One important concept in this theory is the reference group. Social Comparison Theory and Social Media. Social comparison theory is the idea that people judge themselves based on others for their own validity. Social Comparison Theory focuses on the human need to self-evaluate. Personal relative deprivation, by definition, requires comparison with others (Smith et al., 2012).Although the tendency to compare oneself with others is ubiquitous, individual differences exist in people's tendencies to engage in social comparisons (Buunk & Gibbons, 2006), and these individual differences predict people's experiences of PRD (Callan, Kim, & Matthews, 2015b). theory). Over time, one initial theoretical article developed into a broader field with links to social cognition, individual differences, developmental psychology, and experimental social psychology. • People tend to compete with those with similar status to themselves, and not with those much higher or lower than themselves. Social Comparison Theory Social comparison theory, proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954, states that individuals have an innate drive to maintain stable and accurate appraisals of themselves and do so […] Social comparison allows us to either learn about ourselves or feel good about ourselves, but rarely both. The same happened with entity personality theory (Buunk et al., 2003), or even the effects of social comparison theory in mental disorders like anorexia or bulimia. For example, we use social comparison to determine the accuracy and appropriateness of our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. | See also | References . This is not a passive act; humans are actively engaged in comparing themselves to others through social interactions, media consumption . social class, family, football team etc.) Downward Social Comparison History and Background Leon Festinger's theory of social comparison proposed that because people […] According to the theory, individual people possess varying levels of preference for social dominance, which can be measured by the social psychological measure Social Dominance Orientation. This article outlines the interpersonal impact of social comparison, including pro-social behavior, conspicuous consumption, deception, and schadenfreude etc. Students interested in taking this quiz/worksheet will be asked questions on the following: Social comparison theory. Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). Social Comparison Theory Essay. Social comparison theory is the idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people". For one, social comparison can impact self-esteem (Tesser, 1988), especially when doing well relative to others. Social comparison theory determines our worth based on others. These developments call for a reexamination of social com- parison theory. According to the summary analysis, the upward comparison will bring more negative effects, and the . If you want to pay for essay for unique writing Social Comparison Theory , just click Order button. Social Comparison. the theoretical framework of social comparison theory, and it is organized around the following themes: motives for social comparison, dimensions of social comparison, direction of social comparison, and consequences of social comparison. He pointed out that a person belongs to a particular social group. This study focused on the effect of employee's social comparison orientation on job performance, and investigated 255 employees from enterprises and institutions in Hebei, Guangdong and some other provinces. Leon Festinger's Social Comparison Theory Essay. Self-concept is how one perceives and think about themselves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The interaction between affect and social comparison is two-way. The social penetration theory argues that self-disclosure increases in breadth and depth as a relationship progresses, like peeling back the layers of an onion. 64 (5): 708-722. The theory was developed in 1954 by psychologist Leon . He was born on May 8, 1919, in New York City to parents Alex and Sara Festinger. Social Comparison. The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Researchers and clinicians can use this type of systematic review to identify . Introduced in 1954 by Leon Festinger, the theory explains how humans, in order to evaluate themselves, will compare themselves to others. Example (s) of upward social comparison. abstract = "Proposes a theory of temporal and historical comparison, developed from L. Festinger's (see record 1955-02305-001) theory of social comparison by means of a metatheoretical device, conceptual translation, a semantic algorithm that consists of an informal dictionary and a set of rewriting rules. Chen, P. & Garcia, S. M. (manuscript) "Yin and Yang Theory of Competition: Social Comparison and Evaluation Apprehension Reciprocally Drive Competitive Motivation." Collins, R. L. "For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations." Major results were (1) comparison direction . Equity Theory of motivation, developed in the early 1960's by J. Stacey Adams, recognized that motivation can be affected through an individual's perception of fair treatment in social . The social comparison process has been associated with numerous consequences. 94 college students recorded details of their social comparisons over 2 wks using a new instrument, the Rochester Social Comparison Record. Social Comparison Theory: #N# <h2>What Is Social Comparison Theory?</h2>#N# <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden">#N . And therefore, it magnifies the negative effects on teen well-being. . The article "A Diary Study of Self-Compassion, Upward Social Comparisons, and Body Image-Related Outcomes", the movie Mean Girls and my own personal experiences support the theory about how people compare themselves socially. Social Comparison Theory focuses on the human need to self-evaluate. Wills¿½ downward comparison theory (1981) speculates that the experience of negative affect such as unhappiness will result in a downward comparison. The social comparison process has been associated with numerous consequences. Additionally, research based on Festinger's (1954) social comparison theory might offer insights into why subscribe to negative racial themes, and unwittingly use biased information to make their judgments about others. Self-evaluations relative to others (i.e., social comparisons) have well-established implications for health and well-being, and are typically assessed via global, retrospective self-report.
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