Drawing on well-documented halo effects of attractiveness on character-based inferences and the extensive literature on mere exposure effects, we re-organize Olivola and Todorov's analysis into a simple path model to explore the causal ordering of these factors. PSY 322 notes LTM - Long Term Memory Chapters 6-8 Outline ... The subliminal distractor devaluation effect Given the recent suggestion that attention plays an important role in the mere exposure effect, it is possible that the mere . social psych 26-30 Flashcards - Quizlet The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction. Subliminal Perception Manual - Cornell University The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction. For example, Lee (1994) showed that mere exposure effects are not always eliminated when subjects are given an alternative explanation for perceptual fluency (Lee, 1994), and Bornstein (1989 . The Mere Exposure Effect on social media can play an important role in understanding why consumers are attracted to one brand over another or why some consumers have such an overwhelming love for the brands they buy. Explanations of the mere exposure effect It has long been recognized that for advertisers to influence and enhance mere exposure effects it is important to understand how they are thought to arise. These unintentional mere exposure effects are attributed to preattentive processes and are explained . 3.1  Negative stimuli and the mere-exposure effect. Likewise, the typical procedure for mere-exposure studies uses test lists of old and new stimuli. If Fenske et al. When reading for evaluation, readers adopt additional goals of problem detection, problem di-agnosis, and searching for strategies to fix the problems (Hayes et al. The fundamental premise of the model is that repeated exposure to a stimulus will result in a representation of the stimulus in memory. influence the margin of electoral victory. In sum, the evidence for a truth effect and a mere-exposure effect in homogeneous lists is rather weak. problems. The effect was first described by Daniel Ellsberg in 1961. Phenomena. These goals Some phenomena we have encountered in this book are that expressive writing improves health, women do not talk more than men, and cell phone usage impairs driving ability. Psych Quiz Chapter 13. Morph A face or other image that has been transformed by a computer program so that it is a mixture of multiple . Psychological research has accumulated a large literature on the mere exposure effect of neutral stimuli, its reasons, and its outcomes (see Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 2001 as reviews). Currently, the most popular explanation of the mere exposure effect is the processing fluency/attribution model (Bornstein and D'Agustino 1992, 1994; Klinger and Greenwald 1994). Thus, mere exposure is unlikely to be a strong source of learning. These results These findings illuminate flaws in the design of the two- also expand explanation literature, which has tended toward group analysis of Phase I, specifically that mere exposure to examining effects of self-explanation, most often in science peer papers was the only common bond among the nested and math. Although it is a well-established finding, its mechanism remains uncertain, with some positing that it reflects affective processes and others positing that it reflects perceptual or motor fluency with repeated items. Inattention to possible alternative partners : John Gottman . (2019) and use the same methods and materials, with one crucial exception: We use other training and test stimuli in order to differentiate between a) mere exposure effects (i.e. . The generalizability of subliminal mere exposure effects: Influence of stimuli perceived without awareness on social behaviour. A second possibility is that this group acquired . The familiarity principle, also known as the "mere exposure effect," was first described by Zajonc . In one of the most influential monographs in the history of social psychology, Zajonc (1968) described the mere. However, for the negative or threatened stimuli, the literature is insufficient and controversial. One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups A. make people more inhibited. Correct: Sarah and Marge will become close friends. The ambiguity effect is a cognitive bias where decision making is affected by a lack of information, or "ambiguity". Bornstein, R. F., Leone, D. R., & Galley, D. J. After this exposure phase, subjects rated each of the juices in terms of their liking for its taste. The aim of Experiment 1 was to investigate whether the mere exposure effect occurs for the images themselves in advertisements. One explanation for the apparent preference of men for younger women is that younger women have a better chance of successfully bearing children: Older men are likely to have greater material resources . For example, Lee (1994) showed that mere exposure effects are not always eliminated when subjects are given an alternative explanation for perceptual fluency (Lee, 1994), and Bornstein (1989 . exposure effect as an increase in favor towards an object for which a positive . A. proximity 71. Introduction. This article provides evidence that mere exposure effects persist when initial exposures to brand names and product packages are incidental, devoid of any intentional effort to process the brand information. A. proximity B. similarity C. physical attractiveness D. reciprocity. Past research has documented that a range of positive affective and evaluative reactions are induced via unreinforced exposure [i.e., mere-exposure (ME), Zajonc, 1968].This ME effect is robust and occurs for stimuli including asocial shapes (e.g., Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc, 1980), faces (e.g., Claypool et al., 2007), and experimental confederates (Bornstein et al., 1987), and when . One of the reasons why proximity affects attraction is because it fosters familiarity; individuals are more drawn to what they are acquainted with. The Mere-Measurement Effect 2 Abstract Recent research has demonstrated that merely measuring an individual's purchase intentions changes their subsequent behavior in the market. (2004) are correct in their assertion that the results of distractor devaluation studies do not support fluency as an explanation of exposure effects when stimuli are distractors, there will be little evidence of a subliminal MEE in this experiment as this effect appears to be based on processing fluency. This study expands on past research and utilizes a between-subjects experimental design to test two possible theoretical explanations: the virtual threat effect and presence. The first is that measuring general intentions increases the salience of thoughts about engaging in the general behavior, which in turn increases the salience of thoughts about the names or labels of specific options in the choice set. Another possibility could be that students learn from reading for evaluation. One is the view that scientific explanation consists in the unification of broad bodies of phenomena under a minimal number of generalizations. The mere exposure effect is a phenomenon where repeatedly presented stimuli are evaluated more positively than novel stimuli. Because learning may be intrinsically rewarding, it creates the pleasant context required for "mere exposure" to yield positive changes in affect. A misattribution explanation for the mere exposure effect posits that individuals misattribute perceptual fluency to liking when they are not aware that the fluency comes from prior exposure. . As a result, experts say that "the mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why proximity increases attraction." Subliminal Exposure. This relationship between a brand and a consumer might be best explained by a video experiment conducted by British television . It is possible that one, several, or all of these explanations lead to the mere-measurement effect. essary and that, instead, the effect on liking and the lack of an effect on recognition can be understood as being the result of the different strategies that people employ in us-ing their memory to perform different tasks. This article provides evidence that mere exposure effects persist when initial exposures to brand names and product packages are incidental, devoid of any intentional effort to process the brand information. Drawing on well-documented halo effects of attractiveness on character-based inferences and the extensive literature on mere exposure effects, we re-organize Olivola and Todorov's analysis into a simple path model to explore the causal ordering of these factors. Methodology/Principal Findings We used objects of two material categories (stone and wood . Mere exposure effect. The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction. It is typically found after. These unintentional mere exposure effects are attributed to preattentive processes and are explained . There is no single mental model from physics or engineering, for example, that provides a flawless explanation of the entire universe, but the best mental models from those disciplines have allowed us to build bridges and roads, develop new technologies, and even travel to outer space. The fact that the effect was shown only for other-race faces in the present study is consistent with Bornstein's (1993) finding that other-race mere exposure effects were more than 50% larger than own-race effects in his meta-analysis of 8 other-race and 24-own-race effects as well as with a recent study by Smith, et al., (2007), which found no . It is one of the cognitive biases of the human brain. Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid a. modeling violence b. the other-race effect c. the mere exposure effect d. implicit prejudice. The mere exposure effect (MEE) in which new stimuli are rated more likable after repeated exposure (Zajonc, 1968) has been reported to exist in several modalities including visual (Bornstein, 1989), auditory (Heingartner and Hall, 1974, Szpunar et al., 2004), olfactory (Balogh and Porter, 1986, Prescott et al., 2008) and somatosensory stimuli . Familiarity or repeated exposure in music has been reported as an important factor modulating emotional and hedonic responses in the brain (Pereira et al., 2011). To this end, Janiszewski (1993) argues that when brand names and stimuli form part of the sensory environment, but are not part of the information . Understanding this process is important because a recent study suggested that the mere exposure effect occurs only for stimuli whose initial pleasantness is moderate (Delplanque et al., 2015).Therefore, advertising images with an attractive female model . an explanation of the exposure effect . Mere-exposure effect The tendency to prefer stimuli that have been seen before over novel ones. any reinforcement, tends to enhance liking of that stimulus. Robert Zajonc has a rather simple explanation, "the mere repeated exposure of an individual to a stimulus object enhances his/her attitude toward it" (Zajonc, 1968, p.1). Hence, repeated exposure of a stimulus increases perceptual fluency, which in turn increases the likelihood of misattribution to preference for stimulus. (1983a, 1983b; Seamon et al., 1995) of-fered an explanation of the mere exposure effect that is Repeated exposure to literary work featuring drinking could induce drinking through the mere exposure effect (Zajonc, 2001). With a listening test and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment . Background Zajonc showed that the attitude towards stimuli that one had been previously exposed to is more positive than towards novel stimuli. possible reverse causal explanation that perhaps . (1987). In particular, mere exposure effects were obtained only for spaced items, that is, items that were repeated with a number of intervening items in between. Choice 2 may also be more attractive because it shows a closer relationship between cause and effect, and it provides relevance to the . The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction. Two possible reasons for this effect fall under the rubric of feature familiarity: One possibility is that Uncorrelated pre-exposure increased perceptual fluency with the stimulus features (e.g., Conroy et al., 2005), providing an advantage in encoding and remembering the dimension values. (2019) and use the same methods and materials, with one crucial exception: We use other training and test stimuli in order to differentiate between a) mere exposure effects (i.e. This provides an explanation to why the central route is more likely to be taken in processing the speech. Affective models of the mere exposure effect propose that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the positive affect or reduces the negative affect toward the stimulus, whereas recent cognitive . Explanation. recollect the initial exposure. The second study sought to provide a more direct test of the mere exposure hypothesis by verifying that controlled exposure to new consumer products would enhance their attractiveness. Experiment 1. While the mere exposure effect itself is very powerful, it can be even more so when administered subliminally.
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