Promotive, disruptive, counteractive. Fritz Heider is typically credited with first noting, in 1946, the concept within social psychological theory. The most famous and widely cited of these theories is Cognitive Dissonance (CDT). Selective exposure is a theory within the practice of psychology, often used in media and communication research, that historically refers to individuals' tendency to favor information which reinforces their pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. Leon Festinger's 1957 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance is a key text in the history of psychology - one that made its author one of the most influential social psychologists of his time. Festinger and Carlsmith argue that the pressure to cognitive dissonance will be greatest when one ____ after receiving _____ . The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. Attitudes any belief or opinion that has an evaluative component-- a judgement or feeling that something is good or bad, likable or unlikable, moral or immoral, attractive, or repulsive; some scientists believe these serve as mental guides that people use to make behavioral choices Attitudes the evaluative beliefs that we have about our social world and the entities within it Attractiveness . A small UFO cult called the Seekers; they believed that a great flood would occur on Dec. 21, 1954, and spacemen would rescue those who were true believers. COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY THEORIESCognitive consistency theories have their origins in the principles of Gestalt psychology, which suggests that people seek to perceive the environment in ways that are simple and coherent (Köhler 1929). Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger & Carlsmith's Study It provides an introduction to the theory and covers the topics of cognitive dissonance following decisions, the effects of forced compliance, the impacts of voluntary and involuntary exposure to information, and the role of social support. A woman, "Mrs. Keech," reported receiving messages from extraterrestrial aliens that the world would end in a great flood on a specific date. -4 observers were located at each house that the cult occupied (2 separate . J. Cooper, K.M. Cognitive theories of motivation rely on your thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to explain your motivation. He was one of the key pioneers of developmental psychology.. Kagan has shown that an infant's "temperament" is quite stable over time, in that certain . . Out of this study was born an intriguing experiment conducted by Festinger and Carlsmith where participants were asked to Quiz 3 O.B. - Quiz 3 Chapter 3 Organizational Behavior ... When Prophecy Fails. Festinger, Pepitone, and Newcomb (1952) used the term deindividuation to describe the effect of a crowd or group on the behavior of an individual. Stanley Milgram Biography: His Influence on Psychology 76. Carlsmith, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 1 Foundations of Dissonance Theory. Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".. Piaget placed great importance on the education of . This is known as the principle of cognitive consistency. claimed that, as a result of this restraint on an individual's usual behavior, the individual becomes "able to indulge in forms of behavior in which, when alone, they would not However, social comparison theory still could not explain why people would change their opinions in order to conform. Theorist Biography Leon Festinger, (1919 - 1989), was born to Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger in Brooklyn, New York. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Kurt Lewin (/ l ə ˈ v iː n / lə-VEEN; 9 September 1890 - 12 February 1947) was a German-American psychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology in the United States. The theory of cognitive dissonance is elegantly simple: it states that inconsistency between two cognitions creates an aversive state akin to hunger or thirst that gives rise to a motivation to reduce the inconsistency. Collectively, these are called, "cognitions.". One of the most popular examples of the cognitive dissonance theory in action is when a cult believed a UFO would land on earth, and destroy everyone except them. Festinger felt that there is a cultural value for self-improvement in our society. In the Beginning. Cognitive dissonance is a theory in social psychology. Social Comparison: An Unavoidable Upward or Downward Spiral. 4,952 views. For instance, if a person believes that honesty is the best policy in maintaining relationships, but then holds back the truth from a good friend, he might feel cognitive conflict. Leon Festinger introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance as psychological tension in 1957. He was interested in attitude-behavior consistency. Festinger and Carlsmith had experimental participants perform a dull task, but paid them to lie to a prospective participant that the task had been enjoyable. They found not only that people became friends with those who lived near them but that people who lived nearer the mailboxes and at the foot of the stairway in the building (where they were more likely to come into . In Freudian psychoanalysis, the phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone. 13-09-2021. The unease or tension that the conflict arouses in people is relieved by one of several defensive maneuvers: they reject, explain away, or avoid the new information; persuade themselves that no conflict really exists; reconcile the differences; or resort to any other defensive . During his professional career Lewin applied himself to three general topics: applied research, action research, and group communication. 21 cards. Those assigned to play the role of . According to Festinger, the $1/$20 experiment illustrates. Festinger believed that avoiding dissonance is important, but not as basic as the need for safety or food. School International School of Business, UEH; Course Title MANA 123; Uploaded By HighnessHeat7873. Leon Festinger and his colleagues wanted to observe the cult members, however their beliefs stated that they needed to stay isolated from non-believers 2. Practice all cards Practice all cards done loading. One of the key ways in which People make judgments about themselves, is through social comparison, or analyzing the self in relation . According to Festinger's minimal justification hypothesis, the best way to affect long-term attitudinal change is to: A) persuade your subjects that the desired attitude is desirable. Suggest one real-world example potentially involving cognitive dissonance and indicate several ways that dissonance may be reduced in the situation you describe. Cognitive dissonance is a very common phenomenon that we . The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get (the just-world phenomenon). Cognitive consistency theories have their beginnings in a number of seemingly unrelated research areas (Eagly and Chaiken 1993). Mare BSE & infertility. The three types of communication that Hirokawa and Gouran identified in decision-making groups are: Exercise Physiology Test 2. Speaking- admitting sound ways- picked up by oracle- sounds waves go to ear canal- amplified- eardrum- inner ear- cochlea- action potential- auditory nerve- temporal lobe . Mar. Festinger created a new theory to help explain why this might . I personally would still have some discomfort over approx 8 dollars, but over about 160 dollars I would certainly think the task was worth my time! It therefore looks at human behavior as influenced by other people and the conditions under . His research demonstrated how far people are willing to go to obey authority. Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) studied friendship formation in people who had recently moved into a large housing complex. The Classic Experiment of Leon Festinger. Practice all cards. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the . Is the degree to which employees believe the. His experiments are also remembered for their ethical issues, which contributed to changes in how experiments can be performed today. 13 terms. However, in the 1950s, a flurry of psychological theory incorporated the term, with various applications and improvisations. People believe that attractiveness is correlated with other positive characteristics. Cognitive conflict is the discomfort one feels when his beliefs, values or behaviors contradict one another. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. d. 59 Hindsight Bias After learning an outcome, the tendency to believe that we could have predicted it beforehand may contribute to blaming the victim and forming a prejudice against them. Pages 8 This preview shows page 4 - 7 out of 8 pages. He was curious about how they would react when the prophecy failed. Results showed that the participants who were paid _____ came to believe the task had been _____. Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. c) there is a gender difference associated with cognitive dissonance . Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. 05, 2016. Jerome Kagan (February 25, 1929 - May 10, 2021) was an American psychologist, who was the Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, as well as, co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. Festinger believed the need to avoid dissonance is as basic as the need for food. Festinger believed that the large incentives for changing behavior: . The results of Asch's experiment resonate with what we know to be true about the nature of social forces and norms in our lives. EGCC Psychology Ch 12 quiz. In 1954 Leon Festinger, a brilliant young experimental social psychologist in the process of inventing a new theory of human behavior - the theory of cognitive dissonance - and two of his colleagues, Henry Riecken and Stanley Schachter, infiltrated a cult who believed the end of the world was only months away. C) offer your subjects a generous reward or severe punishment as inducement. Stanley Milgram, (born August 15, 1933, New York City, New York, U.S.—died December 20, 1984, New York City), American social psychologist known for his controversial and groundbreaking experiments on obedience to authority. Leon Festinger first published the theory in 1957 and it is still widely used in research (Cooper, 2007). The group believed a prophecy that a flood would engulf the continent. Review Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic demonstration of cognitive dissonance, being sure to identify the independent and dependent variables in their study. Chapter 8-Persuasion Flashcards | Quizlet In a test of the self-validation hypothesis, Briñol and Petty (2003) conducted a persuasion study regarding feelings of favorability and confidence in attitudes toward a new type of consumer product (headphones).
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